11^th World Hematology and Oncology Congress

Oncology is a branch of medicine that involves the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Cancer is a class of diseases which are  characterized by uncontrolled cell growth with the potential to spread to all other parts of the body and leads to formation of lumps or masses of tissue called tumours (cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream, only in the case of leukemia). Tumours grow very rapidly and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems and release hormones that fluctuate the function of the body. Cancer is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and accounts for nearly 1 of every 4 deaths in US.  Some of the tumour cells does not spread all over the body but they grow uncontrollably and are called benign tumour. Normal or healthy cells control their growth and when they become unhealthy, they are destroyed by themselves. A medical professional who practices oncology is known as oncologist. Lot more to discuss in Oncology conferences and Cancer conferences.

Cancer is one among the leading causes of death all over the world. Organ Specific Cancers are cancers which are named based on the location of cancer in the body organ. There are different types of cancers affecting different organs of the body, some of them are  Head and Neck Cancer, Brain cancer, Lung cancer, Oral cancer, Liver cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Gastric cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Kidney (Renal Cell) cancer, Leukemia and many more. These are the different types of cancers that come under the category of Organ Specific Cancer. Cancers of the brain are the consequence of abnormal growth of cells in the brain which leads to brain cancer. The most common cancer of the head and neck is Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), which accounts for over 300,000 new cancer cases worldwide annually. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the third commonest cause of cancer mortality in the world. Lung, prostate, colon, rectum, stomach and liver are the most common sites that are affected by cancer in men. The most common sites that are affected by cancer in women are breast, colon, rectum, lung, cervix and stomach.

Hematologic oncology is the branch of medicine which is concerned with the study, diagnosis, therapy, prevention and also the extent of disease control related to blood. Haematology involves the study of aetiology. It involves the treatment of diseases which usually affect the production of blood and its components which includes blood cells (RBC, WBC, etc…), hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood vessels, spleen and also the mechanism of coagulation. The kinds of diseases or disorders of blood include hemophilia, blood clots, thalassemia, other bleeding disorders and blood cancers such as leukaemia, myeloma and lymphoma.  Blood cancers affect the production of most of the blood cells in the body. These types of cancers start in patient’s bone marrow where the blood is produced. Stem cells mature and develop into three types of blood cells which are White blood cells, red blood cells and platelets which are the smallest type of blood cells present in the bone marrow. The normal growth of the  blood cell is stopped by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal blood cells, which are generally cancerous.

Surgical oncology comes under the field of surgery applied to oncology, which involves the surgical management of tumours, mainly cancerous tumours. The goals of the surgical oncologist includes the removal of cancerous cells and keeping an area of healthy tissue surrounding it, also known as a clear margin or clear excision in order to prevent the cancer recurring in that area. Sometimes it's difficult to remove the whole tumor, therefore, a debulking surgery can be done to remove as much tumour as possible and to relieve symptoms such as pain, airway obstruction and bleeding. Surgical oncologists are also called as general surgical oncologists, thoracic surgical oncologists, subspecialty of general surgery, gynecologic oncologists, etc who are experienced  in treating  the cancer patients. The James Ewing Society is recognised today as the Society of Surgical Oncology which was started by the surgeons interested in initiating and promoting the field of oncology. Complex General Surgical Oncology was given by American Board of Surgery, specially ratified as specialty Board certification in the year 2011.

Medical Oncology is the type of cancer treatment where drugs are used to destroy cancer cells. Medical Oncologist's purpose is to deliver the best outcome for cancer patients providing palliative care. Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drug stopping the growth of cancer cells. It also harms the cells which are healthy such as those that line the mouth and intestines. Side effects generally occur while dispensing Chemotherapy. So neoadjuvant therapy can be given before surgery to reduce the risks. Clinical Oncology is the sort of Cancer treatment in which doctors use Chemotherapy as well as Radiotherapy to treat patients. Technologies are nowadays developing rapidly in the field of Clinical Oncology, for example: some tumours can be treated with highly sophisticated external beam radiation therapy such as Proton beam therapy.

Oncogenomics is a field in genomics which characterize cancer-associated  genes. Its main focus includes genomic, epigenomic and transcript alterations in cancer. The main concept and idea of oncogenomics is to check new group of oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes that may give new areas of research into cancer diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome of cancer treatment and new targets for cancer therapies. The Gleevec, Herceptin and Avastin are the targeted cancer therapies which gave a new way for oncogenomics to elucidate new targets for cancer treatment. Metabolomics is a newly emerging field in 'omics' research and refers to the complete set of small-molecule metabolites, which gives the systematic study of unique chemical fingerprints that leaves cellular processes behind. The metabolome represents the collection of all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ or an organism that are the end products of cellular processes. Metabolic profiling gives an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of given cell. One of the challenging aspects of system biology and functional genomics is to integrate proteomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic information which provide a better understanding of cellular biology.

Cancers are recognized due to the signs or symptoms that occur after a particular stage or through screening. Neither of these leads to exact diagnosis of the disease and its type, it mainly requires examination of a tissue sample obtained generally by biopsy, by a pathologist. Cancer can be treated by many methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy and synthetic lethality. People suffering from Cancer can be investigated through medical tests which includes blood tests, X-rays, CT scans and endoscopy. The tissue diagnosis from the biopsy indicates the type of cell that proliferates through its histological grade, genetic abnormalities and other features.  All together it gives useful information about the molecular changes such as mutations, fusion genes and numerical chromosome to estimate  the prognosis inorder to choose the best treatment. Cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry are the other common tissue tests. The removal of cancer without damaging the other parts of the body (by achieving cure with near-zero adverse effects) is the main goal of the treatment. The type of treatment depends on the type of cancer the patient is suffering from and its stage. Most of the people with Cancer have a combination of treatments such as surgery with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, Immunotherapy, targeted therapy or hormone therapy.

Blood is a living tissue which consists of liquid and solid. The liquid part is plasma containing water, salts and protein and the solid part containing red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Blood disorders affect one or more parts of the blood and can be acute or chronic. Many blood disorders are also inherited. Haemophilia A is a genetic disorder with the deficiency of clotting factor VIII. The second-most common form of haemophilia is Hemophilia B, a blood clotting disorder caused by mutation of the factor IX gene, leading to deficiency in its factor IX. Rare haemophilia is Hemophilia C which affects both male and female. However, it most commonly occurs in Jews of Ashkenazi descendants which is also most famously known as fourth coagulation disorder after von Willebrand's disease and haemophilia A and B.

In USA, it is thought to affect 1 in 100,000 of the adult population. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is defined as isolated low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) with normal bone marrow and absence of other causes of thrombocytopenia. It is also known as immune thrombocytopenia or primary immune thrombocytopenia or primary immune thrombocytopenic purpura or autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. The most common disease described in humans is Von Willebrand disease which is a hereditary coagulation abnormality. Platelets are also known as "thrombocytes" and its function (along with the coagulation factors) is to stop bleeding by clumping and clogging blood preventing blood vessel injuries.

A bone marrow biopsy is done for diagnosing blood disorders. This usually includes study of chromosomes (cytogenetics) and examination of the surface proteins or receptors on the bone marrow cells through the process of flow cytometry. Treatments of blood disorders vary depending on the type of disease and may include use of steroids and other immune-modulating therapies, transfusions or coagulation factor support, growth factor supplementation, complex chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Palliative care is one of the most specialised approach which provide medical care for people who suffer from serious illness. Anticoagulants (antithrombics) are a class of drugs that work to prevent the coagulation which are used in hemodialysis machine, Heart-lung machine, etc. One type of vascular filter called the vena cava filter is implanted by interventional radiologists or vascular surgeons into the inferior vena cava to prevent life-threatening pulmonary emboli with the use of ionizing radiation, generally, as part of cancer treatment to manage and control malignant cells. Most of the hematologist prefer physical examinations, medical history and laboratory testing to detect hematological diseases or disorders of the patient.

Umbilical cord blood is an alternate source of hematopoietic stem cell for those patients who are suffering from the hematologic disease and can be cured by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. The umbilical cord conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. The umbilical vein supplies nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to fetus. The hematopoietic bone marrow transplant is a procedure which involves replacement of damaged bone marrow with a healthy bone marrow stem cells. Acute myeloid leukemia is another type of cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells which is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells (WBC) which accumulates in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. The formation of blood clot inside a blood vessel obstructs the blood flow and this condition is known as thrombosis. Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions which give rise to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Blood transfusion is usually defined as the process of receiving blood or blood products into one's circulation intravenously inorder to replace the lost components of blood. Earlier whole blood was transfused but modern medical practice commonly uses only the components of  blood.

Pediatrics or paediatrics is a branch of medicine which deals with medical care of infants, children and adolescents, the age limit usually ranges from birth up to 19 years of age (in some places until completion of secondary education). A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is called as a paediatrician. Pediatricians work as primary care physicians in neonatology. Pediatric haematologists or Pediatric oncologists diagnose, treat and manage children and teens with cancer which include leukaemia, lymphoma, brain tumour, bone tumour and other Cancers.  The hematology oncology of infancy is the current area of research where its development depend on the evolution of science of Hematology and on the study of blood and its elements. The body of an infant or neonate is physiologically different when compared to an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance and developmental issues are some greater concerns to pediatricians when compared to other physicians.

Erythrocytes also known as red blood cells carry oxygen to the body and collect carbon dioxide from the body via haemoglobin. It has a life span of 120 days and helps in protecting the healthy cells as W.B.C (leucocytes) act as the defending cells which help in the protection of immune system from foreign cells or antigens. The leucocytes are multipotent cells in bone marrow and have life span of 3-4 days and the yellow blood cells are called as thrombocytes which are small and irregular in shape having a life span of 5-9 days and are mostly seen in mammals and help in blood clotting known as thrombosis which leads to heart attack, stroke, blockage of blood in arms and legs, etc. Cancer immunology is a branch of immunology that deals with the interaction of  immune system with cancer cells (also called tumors or malignancies). It is a field of research which helps to innovate cancer immunotherapies inorder to treat and retard the progression of disease. The immune response has the capacity of  recognizing cancer-specific antigens which forms the basis of targeted therapy (like vaccines & antibody therapies) and tumour marker based diagnostic tests.

A cancer biomarker refers to a substance which indicates the presence of cancer in the body and are particularly associated with genetic mutations or epigenetic alterations which determine whether the individuals are susceptible to particular type of cancers or not. Some of the potentially predictive cancer biomarkers include KRAS, p53, EGFR, erbB2 for colorectal, esophageal, liver and pancreatic cancer. Mutations of genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2  are for breast and ovarian cancer. Abnormal methylation of tumour suppressor genes like p16, CDKN2B, and p14ARF are mostly  for brain cancer. Hypermethylation of MYOD1, CDH1, and CDH13 is for cervical cancer and hyper methylation of p16, p14, and RB1 is for oral cancer. Therefore, these kinds of biomarkers can be assayed non-invasively by using collected biofluids like blood or serum.

The main purpose of the drug is not to treat cancer but also to relieve the symptoms of cancer. Vaccines have been developed which prevent the infection that occurs due to some carcinogenic viruses. Human papillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil and Cervarix) decrease the risk of developing Cervical Cancer. The Hepatitis B vaccine decrease the risk of Liver Cancer. The administration of Human papillomavirus and Hepatitis B vaccinations are advised most commonly. Some drugs that are being used for Cancer are Cabazitaxel, Capecitabine, Carboplatin, and Cetuximab. Chemotherapy drug combinations include Cisplatin and Crizotinib. Most of the anti-cancer drugs act by inhibiting DNA synthesis in the cell growth cycle, because anti-cancer drugs generally affect rapidly dividing cells and non-cancerous cells. The site of the cells which is affected determines the side-effects of individual drugs. Other cells that are affected include blood cells which fights against  the infection, helps in the blood clotting and carry oxygen to all parts of the body.

Hematology nurses are specially trained people who provide care for patients suffering from blood diseases or disorders. They take atmost care in carrying out blood transfusions, blood tests, research and chemotherapy. Some of the most commonly known blood diseases and disorders include leukemia, lymphoma, sickle cell anaemia and haemophilia. Hematology nurses create the plan of care to manage symptoms that result from blood problems. Hematology nursing is most commonly similar to oncology nursing where they help patients manage their pain if their cancer is particularly aggressive or out of reach. Hematology nurses work with adults only in specialized working areas. The responsibilities of these nurses include taking medical histories and performing examinations or blood analysis, administring IVs and working with physicians to diagnose various blood diseases and disorders. Hematology nurses are the back bone for their patients and their families as they teach them how to fight with the diseases and help them manage their blood disease. Advanced practice hematology nurses have some prescriptive authority.

The oncology nurse works as a coordinator of care where they take atmost care of an individual collaborating with other cancer care providers and team members. Thus, the advanced nursing practice in oncology leads to mastery of the nursing process which provides the ability to guide and evaluate nursing practice delivered to individuals diagnosed with cancer. The oncology nurse works with expertise in the multidisciplinary oncology team to achieve realistic healthcare goals for an individual or for an entire community.

Cancer is one of the most daunting health challenges and a leading cause of death in every corner of the world. The global market for Hematologic drugs is predicted to grow twice as fast as that of other pharmaceuticals over the next five years. Top companies include Janssen biotech, Novartis, Celgene, Johnson & Johnson and Amgen. The Pharma industry embraces hematology in producing various Biological Drugs and Generic Drugs with Increasing Investments, Healthcare Expenditures and growth in Cancer Pharmaceutical Companies. The NCI states that the medical costs of cancer care are $125 billion with the rise of 39 percent to $173 billion by the upcoming year. The most common moto of the cancer industry is that it employs too many people and produces too much income to allow for a cure to be found.

The major driving factors for hematology and oncology diagnostics market include increasing incidences of blood related disorders. Approximately 9.8% of the population in U.S. was diagnosed with leukemia by Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS). About 1,658,370 new cases of cancer in 2015 were found due to myeloma and lymphoma. Based on the type of product, global hematology diagnostics market is divided into hematology analysers market and hematology reagents market. Hematology analysers perform complete blood picture, coagulation or erythrocyte sedimentation rates tests. In recent years, the use of hematology diagnostics market has increased due to technological advancements rising demands for improved healthcare facilities. Introduction of digital imaging systems in hematology and oncology laboratories and growing use of microfluidics technology in hematology analysers is another best approach for the growth of  global hematology diagnostics market. Clinical Hematology laboratories are primarily focused on measuring whole blood components such as white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets as well as the level of hemoglobin in the blood.

Case reports of hemotology or oncology gives the information of preventive or therapeutic interventions as these generally require stronger evidence. Thus, a case report has all the details of a disease or a disorder of an individual in medical field. Case reports give the demographic profile of the patient suffering from disease, references of any unusual or unique incidences, etc. In this hematology based conference, various special cases where treatment is found to be undiscovered or a special case which might lead the insights into the hematology research are discussed. Thus, a case report of hematology and oncology is an unique therapeutic approach.

Nowadays several biotech and pharmaceutical industries are transpiring where each of them partially or completely relate to hematology. Many research teams are found all over to work on Hematology and Oncology. Large scale production of diagnostics and drugs is now being fashioned to meet the needs of increasing demand.

Veterinary medicine is a field which deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment diseases or disorders in animals. Veterinary Oncology is a special field in Veterinary medicine which deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Cancer in animals. Animals also suffer from similar type of Cancers like lymphoma, melanoma, bone cancer, mouth and throat cancer, breast cancer, liver and bile duct cancer, connective tissue cancer, etc as that of human. Infact the Cancer research made in animals have helped a lot in making Cancer therapy trials in humans.